Unleash Your Green Thumb

The Ultimate Guide to Fun Food Gardening

Welcome to the Deep Root Project world “Regenerative Gardening” where we transform even the tiniest of spaces into bountiful food feasts. Forget about your grandma's traditional garden—Deep Roots Project is here to revolutionize the way we grow food, one harvest at a time.

The Secret Garden Recipe

Ever thought about growing tomatoes in something that wasn't dirt? How about worm poop and compost? At Deep Roots Project, we're ditching the old-school soil for something a bit more... lively. Our magic potion? A heaping scoop of microbe-rich compost, a generous sprinkle of worm castings (a fancy term for worm poop), and a splash of organic liquid fish emulsion fertilizer. Actually, we prefer to fill an entire raised bed with 100% microbe and nutrient rich compost instead of soil. We add powerful but gentle worm castings as the fertilizer to each seedling hole or row of seeds.

The True Dirt on Soil (Or Lack Thereof)

Rafa Crevoshay, our very own certified plant whisperer, has concocted a groundbreaking food-growing method dubbed "Transformational Gardening." It's like giving Mother Nature a high-five. We're mixing the best bits of organic and regenerative farming, then shrinking it down to fit your back porch. The result? A garden so resilient, it laughs in the face of traditional farming methods.

Microbes: The Unseen Gardeners

Imagine billions of tiny creatures, too small to see, doing most of the gardening for you. That's right, we're talking about microbes—nature's little helpers. These microscopic critters form a buddy system with plant roots, trading nutrients like kids swap snacks. Our approach? Let these invisible gardeners do the heavy lifting.

From Garden Novice to Nature's “Best Friend Forever”

Whether you've got a sprawling backyard or just a windowsill, we'll show you how to grow your own food and become a planet-saving superhero in the process. Deep Roots Project isn't just about growing veggies; it's about growing connections—to the Earth, to each other, and to the food that nourishes us.

Three Musketeers of the Garden World

Forget about the soil from your local garden center. Our trio of organic champs—microbe-loaded compost, worm castings, and fish emulsion—will have your plants dancing in their pots. This powerhouse combo replaces the need for traditional soil and fertilizers, making your garden a nutrient-packed paradise.

The Transformational Gardening Manifesto

This isn't your average gardening method. Transformational Gardening is all about flexibility, fun, and learning to read the room—or, in this case, the garden. Rafa's mantra? "Learn from your plants." It's about experimenting, adapting, and finding joy in the journey from seed to salad.

Say No to Soil Snobbery

You might've heard that using 100% compost is a gardening faux pas. Well, we're here to bust that myth wide open. Our new-age soil science proves that not only is it possible, it's revolutionary. You just need to use compost with a huge amount of microbes and nutrients. And for those not in the Chicago area, fear not! We'll help you scout out the best microbe-rich compost near you, sans the tree waste.

Raised Beds for Elevated Gardeners

Our cedar raised beds aren't just furniture for your plants; they're the penthouses of the garden world. Designed with care by our co-executive director, Will Schreiber, these beds can withstand the elements through freezing Chicago area winters, and look good doing it. No chemical-treated wood here—just good, clean fun.

Join the Green Revolution

Ditch the dirt. Embrace the worm poop. Become a part of something bigger. Deep Roots Project is more than just gardening; it's a lifestyle. So grab a shovel, and let's start planting the seeds of change.
Ready to turn your thumb green? Jump into the wonderful world of Transformational Gardening and watch as your garden—and your connection with nature—flourishes.

Dive Deeper

Click on the Blog Posts Below for more about our Innovative methods.

“Grow Your Own Food” blog posts

See the full list of our Grow Your Own Food blog posts. Each post is assigned ”tags” which are under the post title. If you need a quick answer to a gardening question give us a call or send a text to our customer support team – support[at]deep-roots-project.org AND 708-655-5299.

Deep Roots online store

See our online store for details about prices, ordering and delivery of raised beds, planter boxes, microbe-rich compost, worm castings, leaf mulch and more. We don’t sell traditional soil, since we use 100% compost as our growing medium. Our online store has 2 sections – (1) raised beds and planter boxes and (2) compost, worm castings, fertilizer.

Please contact our customer support team before placing an order online so we can assist you with the details and answer your gardening questions. You can pay by credit card in the store or by check.

(708) 655-5299 and support[at]deep-roots-project.org

Please leave your cell phone number when you sign up for our eNewsletter, if you want text message announcements now and then.

Donations help us provide organic kitchen gardening education to individuals, organizations, and entire communities. Thank you in advance for contributing to our community and for sharing our website and blog with friends and family.

Create a Bountiful Food Oasis

Embark on a journey to cultivate fresh, delicious produce straight from the comfort of your backyard. The Deep Roots Project (DRP) champions a harmonious blend of gardening that nourishes both the soul and the ecosystem. Revel in the tranquility and health benefits derived from gardening amidst nature, knowing the origins of your food, and contributing positively to your community.

Free worm castings if you share a story

If you are already a member of our gardening community please share your comments, stories about how DRP regenerative food growing method worked for you, your friends and your family. Please also include photos of your garden if available. As a thank you, we will give you a free bag of worm castings fertilizer. Food gardeners at any level of experience are welcome join Deep Roots community of learners and teachers. Send stories, comments and questions to support[at]deep-roots-project.org. Call or text 708-655-5299.

Our innovative food gardening method is easier and saves time

Bountiful and economical: At DRP, we're passionate about empowering  you with our innovative organic "regenerative" gardening techniques. These methods are not only enjoyable but also ensure a bountiful, economical, and successful harvest right from the start.  

Practical guidance: From raised beds and optimal soil mixtures to  efficient watering systems, pest control, and plant selection, we provide  practical guidance every step of the way. Dive deeper into our philosophy  and techniques by exploring our blog on "Grow Your Own Food" and  "Transformational Gardening Basics."

Maximize harvest in limited space: Our focus extends to maximizing  food production in limited spaces and prolonging the growing season from  early spring to late fall. For seasoned gardeners, we recommend  rejuvenating your soil with our top-quality compost to replenish essential  nutrients and microbes.

Pioneering Climate Solutions Through Gardening

Regenerative gardens and farms: The global food system significantly  impacts climate change, accounting for roughly 30% of worldwide  greenhouse gas emissions. Traditional agricultural and gardening practices  contribute to this challenge through the use of synthetic chemicals and  disruptive soil techniques like tilling that wrecks the invisible soil structures  created by soil microbes. Regenerative gardening and farming on a large  scale is a solution to not only mitigate, but reverse these effects by  “drawing down” carbon into the soil. Our regenerative gardening method  is based on regenerative farming science and practices.

Nurture the soil’s living ecosystem: The essence of our method lies in  promoting soil health, which is crucial for both climate resilience and  gardening success. Our approach nurtures the soil's living community,  from earthworms to beneficial microorganisms, effectively turning it into a  carbon sink. This process, supported by the natural synergy of  photosynthesis, not only feeds a diverse ecosystem but also plays a vital  role in combating climate change.

Help us build a movement: Join us at the Deep Roots Project in leading  the way towards sustainable gardening practices that benefit the planet. Together, we can cultivate thriving gardens that serve as beacons for environmental stewardship and climate solutions.

“Grow Your Own Food” blog posts

See the full list of our Grow Your Own Food blog posts. Each post is assigned ”tags” which are under the post title. If you need a quick answer to a gardening question give us a call or send a text to our customer support team – support[at]deep-roots-project.org AND 708-655-5299.

Deep Roots online store

See our online store for details about prices, ordering and delivery of raised beds, planter boxes, microbe-rich compost, worm castings, leaf mulch and more. We don’t sell traditional soil, since we use 100% compost as our growing medium. Our online store has 2 sections – (1) raised beds and planter boxes and (2) compost, worm castings, fertilizer.

Please contact our customer support team before placing an order online so we can assist you with the details and answer your gardening questions. You can pay by credit card in the store or by check.

(708) 655-5299 and support[at]deep-roots-project.org

Please leave your cell phone number when you sign up for our eNewsletter, if you want text message announcements now and then.

Donations help us provide organic kitchen gardening education to individuals, organizations, and entire communities. Thank you in advance for contributing to our community and for sharing our website and blog with friends and family.

Grow Your Own Food

Deep Roots Project teaches how to grow food in organic kitchen gardens with limited space and raised beds. We provide our gardeners with the best products for success – like cedar raised beds, microbe-rich compost and microbe-rich worm castings. We use the latest soil science to build on the strengths of both organic and regenerative gardening with our innovative method called Transformational Gardening.

Soil health, our health, planet health

With help from the latest soil science we are taking organic to the next level in our new “Transformational Gardening” method. We nurture healthy soil teeming with huge diverse populations of soil micro-organisms (microbes and fungi) that feed and support healthy crops and healthy eco-systems. Our certified professional horticulturist Rafa Crevoshay, created an innovative, easy-to-use and economical food growing method for beginner and experienced gardeners with busy lives.

Transformational gardening combines the best practices of organic and regenerative farming and applies them to kitchen gardens with raised beds and large containers. Integrating the two systems addresses their shortcomings and adapts them to small growing spaces. The result is a robust and resilient ecological system that promotes soil health and crop biodiversity. Read our blog post Organic & Regenerative Farming for the full story.

Learn to work in partnership with nature.

Soil health is top priority. Healthy soil promotes healthy plants and large harvests. The foundation of soil health is robust microbial populations that feed on abundant organic matter. The soil microbes transport nutrients to plant roots in a form that the plants can use more efficiently. The healthy soil microbes and the plant roots have a mutual aid pact. They need each other and they feed each other. We want the soil microbes to do most of the gardening work for us. Read more about soil science in our post Compost, Microbes and Soil Science.

Become an eater who cares

Let us teach you how to grow your own food in a yard, in a pot, in a raised bed, or in a community garden. Deep Roots connects you to the Earth and connects you to each other.

People who grow their own food care about:

• Nature, native plants and protecting wildlife habitats.

• Reversing climate change by switching to soil friendly farming.

• Food security and food access for everyone on the planet.

• Healthy lifestyle and healthy eating for our family and community

• Celebrating life & the magic of nature - Planting Seeds Music Video

Grow food with 3 powerful organic products

Three microbe-rich and nutrient-rich organic products take the place of traditional top soil, soil blends and traditional bagged organic fertilizers purchased at garden centers.

• Microbe-rich compost

• Microbe-rich worm castings (also called vermicompost) 

• Organic liquid fish emulsion fertilizer

Our microbe-rich compost is your “new soil.” From a farm near Chicago, Rafa, our horticulturist, chose microbe-rich organically certified compost, containing manure and made with heat-generating microbes. It’s OMRI certified organic. For simplicity we like to call the microbe-rich compost in our raised beds and containers “soil.” We just call it “compost” when we use it for planting and restoring microbes and nutrients in our raised beds and containers.

Uses of microbe-rich compost during the growing cycle.

• Fill new raised beds and containers (Don’t use conventional soil for food)

• Replenish microbes and nutrients for mid-season crops,

• Plant seedlings and seeds in your beds along with worm castings

• Use as a growing medium for starting seeds to transplant later

• Use to cover beds and containers with a 2-inch layer in fall and spring OR at the start of a new growing season.

• Blend with topsoil for growing non-food plants – flowers, native plants and ornamentals.

Our microbe-rich worm castings replace organic bagged fertilizer purchased at garden centers. It is our primary soil amendment. It is rich with micro-organisms & nutrients and used when planting seeds and seedlings (also called transplants). All worm castings are not equal. Our worm castings from a Wisconsin farm have more densely packed nutrients and micro-organisms than our compost because the worms are fed huge piles of composted manure. It’s powerful and gentle. Don’t worry about applying too much. View our worm castings store page and worm castings blog post.

Fish emulsion is a popular liquid organic fertilizer made from fish waste that is rich in nitrogen and microorganisms. It supplies the primary and secondary nutrients plants need to grow healthy and strong. And most importantly, it nourishes the beneficial micro-organisms that are in the soil. Buy it online or at garden centers.

Why we don't talk about fertilizer

We focus instead on robust populations of diverse microbes. It’s time to let go of your old beliefs about how to grow a successful food garden. We don’t use the word “fertilizer” because our system is based on the principle that robust populations of diverse microorganisms (microbes and fungi) will feed and support the plants far better than commercially manufactured fertilizers like nitrogen, magnesium and potassium. A diverse army of microbes make nutrients and other chemicals available to the plant’s root hairs is forms they can more easily absorb. If the delivery of nutrients and other essentials is functioning well, your plants will be strong, healthy and happy.

Transformational gardening is flexible

Customize it to your crop preferences and available time. It’s easier to learn than traditional organic gardening since we don’t use lots of different commercial fertilizers in specific amounts. Don’t worry how much worm castings you apply since it is very gentle. More will only make your plants happier. Adjust your developing gardening habits to fit the food you love to eat and your available time.

“Learn from your plants” is our horticulturist Rafa’s favorite phrase. Gardening is an evolving and enjoyable learning experience. It’s time to change old gardening and eating habits. Most traditional organic gardening organizations and master gardeners believe you cannot use 100% compost to fill raised beds and containers. But the new soil science and our experience prove otherwise.

Want to buy microbe-rich compost like ours outside the Chicago area? Gardeners in other areas can find organic microbe-rich compost made with heat-generating microbes and containing manure through the U.S. Composting Council (USCC) database. Make sure the vendors in your area don't use wood chips or tree waste. Contact our support team to help find a vendor in your area.

Don’t amend bad soil in your yard for a food garden. It’s not worth the labor and time. Plus, you don’t know what toxins are in the soil. Don’t buy bagged commercial soil even if it says organic on the label since it usually  lacks optimal nutrition. Most bagged commercial soil labeled organic contains large amounts of shredded tree bark and doesn’t have the microbe and nutrients your food crops need.

Raised beds are best

Our co-executive director, Will Schreiber, designs and builds sturdy cedar raised beds in our Oak Park, IL workshop. Eastern red cedar has excellent rot resistance and resists insect attack. It is used as a “soil contact” wood. Our raised bed design prevents the cedar boards from breaking due to freezing and thawing soil during zones 5 and 6 cold winters.

We recommend cedar raised beds that are 15” high. Pine/fir wood raised beds are okay, but they rot much sooner than cedar. You should never use wood treated with chemicals for food gardens if you choose to construct your own raised beds. Learn more in our blog post Why Raised Beds Are Best. View our raised beds online store section.

“Grow Your Own Food” blog posts

See the full list of our “Grow Your Own Food” blog posts divided into 6 categories. Each post is assigned ”tags” which are under the post title. If you need a quick answer to a gardening question give us a call, send a text message or send an email to our customer support team – support[at]deep-roots-project.org AND 708-655-5299. If you leave a voicemail include the best times we can call you back.

Deep Roots online store

See our online store for details about prices, ordering and delivery of raised beds, planter boxes, microbe-rich compost, worm castings, leaf mulch and more. We don’t sell traditional soil, since we use 100% compost as our growing medium. Our online store has 2 sections – (1) raised beds and planter boxes and (2) compost, worm castings, fertilizer.

Please contact our customer support team before placing an order online so we can assist you with the details and answer your gardening questions. You can pay by credit card on the store or by check.

Contact us at (708) 655-5299 or support[at]deep-roots-project.org.

Sign up for our newsletter

Please leave your cell phone number when you sign up for our eNewsletter, if you want text message announcements.

Donations help us provide organic kitchen gardening education to individuals, organizations, and entire communities. Thank you in advance for contributing to our community and for sharing our website and blog with friends and family.

Why Raised Beds Are Best

Absolutely beautiful – they are custom made and there is nothing like them on the market (if you don’t see a style you like – call us for a custom quote). Built from the finest quality eastern cedar boards that are affordable, beautiful and long lasting (less expensive beds built from fir/pine are also available). We pick the wood up directly from the source to control quality!

Learn more about our growing method in two recently revised blog posts.

With raised beds choose your own soil

We don’t fill our beds with conventional soil. The most important benefit is that with raised beds YOU choose the soil rather than accepting the soil you have in your yard. Rafa Crevoshay, our horticulturist, carefully researched our options and chose to fill raised beds with a microbe and nutrient rich compost from a local dairy farm. Our gardeners grow healthy seedlings and mature plants right from their first growing experience.

Built for harsh winters year after year

Chicago-area food growers and in other areas with very cold winters should not try to save money on less durable wooden raised beds made from thinner boards. The materials won’t last, and the design/construction of other beds will not have the unique long lasting characteristics. If you build your own beds, don’t use “treated wood” since toxic chemicals leach into the soil. Also, remember that untreated pine raised beds rot after only a few years.

The expected lifespan of cedar raised beds can vary based on a number of factors, including the thickness of the boards, the design of the bed, and the climate in which it is located. However, in general, cedar is a durable and long-lasting wood that is resistant to decay, rot, and insect damage.

Our cedar raised beds are made with 1.125 inch thick boards lined up vertically with horizontal 2x4 boards at the top and bottom for added strength to withstand the expansion of freezing soil over winter. With proper care and maintenance, these beds could last for 10 to 20 years or even longer.

The climate in which the beds are located can also have an impact on their lifespan. Cedar is naturally resistant to rot and decay, but prolonged exposure to moisture, extreme heat, or freezing temperatures can cause the wood to deteriorate more quickly. In humid or rainy climates, it is especially important to ensure that the beds have proper drainage to prevent water from pooling and causing damage to the wood.

To extend the lifespan of cedar raised beds, it is recommended to regularly inspect the wood for signs of damage or decay, and to treat the wood with a protective coating or sealant to help prevent moisture from penetrating the surface. Additionally, it is important to avoid using harsh chemicals or fertilizers that could leach into the soil and damage the wood over time.

Benefits of our raised beds

• Super durable and designed to last longer due to thicker planks and a unique design that combines vertical and horizontal boards.

• Withstands harsh winters. Freezing soil will not cause the wood to bow which occurs with beds using cheaper, thinner wood.

• 15 inches tall to allow space for deep-rooted veggies like tomatoes, more space for microbial populations to expand and can hold more water for a healthier ecosystem.

• Custom sizes and accessories for the raised beds and smaller planter boxes. We also make beds on legs and beds with a trellis.

• Bunny-resistant: Bunnies are unable to climb over our reinforced top overhang and thick ledge.

• Varnishing the beds is optional to preserve the cedar colors.

• We deliver in our truck and install beds with soil in the greater Chicago area.

We have yet to discover the disadvantages to growing food in raised beds. The list of the advantages below was put together by the University of Georgia extension. Almost all university websites promote raised bed benefits. All of the raised beds benefits are identical for our smaller custom planter boxes.

Grow more food in limited space

• Prevents of soil compaction and plant damage: One of the greatest advantages of raised beds comes from the protection the structure provides from foot traffic. The soil does not get compacted and plants are less likely to be damaged.

• Longer growing season: Raised beds warm up more quickly in the spring.

• Less weeding and maintenance: Once the soil in a raised bed has stabilized, compaction is almost non-existent.

• Better drainage: A well-prepared raised bed allows the soil to drain better than in an in-ground garden (DRP NOTE: this depends on the soil that you put into the bed, of course).

• Easier soil amendments: A raised bed can enable crop growth in an area that otherwise would not support gardening. On steep slopes, raised beds can act as a form of terracing. Raised beds can be built on parking lots and other compacted, difficult-to-garden urban soils.

• Material conservation: Because the gardening space is concentrated, the management of water, fertilizer, mulch and soil amendments can be more carefully controlled, leading to less waste.

• Access for gardeners with disabilities: Raised beds, at the proper height, can improve access for wheelchairs, or for gardeners who have a hard time bending over.

SOURCE: Raised Beds vs. In-Ground Gardens | UGA Cooperative Extension

Our Innovative Food Gardening Method

Learn more in our two recently revised blog posts.

Our online store

See our online store for details about prices, ordering and delivery of raised beds, compost, worm castings and more. Please contact our customer support team before placing an order online so we can assist you with the details and answer your gardening questions.

QUESTIONS? COMMENTS?

Contact us at (708) 655-5299 or support[at]deep-roots-project.org.

Stay in touch

Please leave your cell phone number when you sign up for our eNewsletter, if you want text message announcements now and then.

Donations help us provide organic kitchen gardening education to individuals, organizations, and entire communities. Thank you in advance for contributing to our community and for sharing our website and blog with friends and family.

Planning Your Food Garden

Starting a food garden can be an exciting and rewarding experience. Although it takes planning and effort, the rewards are well worth it. With a little bit of know-how and some careful planning, you can enjoy fresh, delicious produce right from your own backyard. You also get to reap the benefits of physical activity and time spent outdoors. Learn more in our Benefits of Food Gardening post.

However, to be successful in growing your own food, it's important to have a plan in place. Here are some key steps to consider when starting a food garden.

Gardening supplies: Learn about the supplies you will need when you use our Transformational Gardening method. Read our blog post Setup Your Food Garden.

Site selection: One of the most important factors to consider when starting a food garden is site selection. Look for a location that receives optimal sunlight throughout the day. Most vegetables require at least six hours of sunlight per day and prefer 8 hours. So choose an area that is not shaded by trees or buildings. If your yard doesn't get enough sun, consider growing crops that will grow with less sunlight. View our blog post Optimizing Sunlight.

Plant selection: Choose crops that are well-suited to your climate. Some vegetables, like tomatoes and peppers, require warm temperatures to grow, while others, like leafy greens and root vegetables, can tolerate cooler temperatures. Consider planting a mix of smaller crops in raised beds and larger crops in containers to maximize your space. View our blog posts about popular vegetables – brassica (cabbage) family, root veggies, tomatoes and more to come.

Trellising: Some crops, like beans, peas, and cucumbers, require a trellis for support systems to grow properly. Consider the size and weight of the crop when selecting a trellis, and make sure it is sturdy enough to support the plant as it grows. There are many trellis designs to choose from. View our blog post about Growing Vertically with a Trellis.

Planting and harvesting schedule: Knowing when to plant your crops is key to a successful harvest. Consider your local climate and the specific needs of the plants you are growing when determining planting times. Some crops, like tomatoes and peppers, should be started indoors several weeks before the last frost date, while others can be planted directly in the ground. View our Planting Calendar for Zones 5b and 6a (Chicago area for planting dates, days to harvest, links to vegetable specific details on temperature tolerances, pests, harvesting and more.

Biodiversity planting method: Planting a mix of crops can help improve soil health, prevent disease, and attract beneficial insects like bees and butterflies. Consider planting a mix of fruits, vegetables, herbs, and flowers to create a diverse and beautiful garden. View our blog post Biodiversity Planting.

Careful utilization of space: Be mindful of how much space each plant needs to grow properly. Some crops, like tomatoes and squash, can take up a lot of room, while others, like lettuce and radishes, can be planted in smaller spaces. Consider using trellises, vertical gardening, and other space-saving techniques to maximize your growing area.

Choosing seed starting or transplants: Decide whether to start your plants from seeds or buy transplants. Starting plants from seeds can be more cost-effective and allows you to choose from a wider variety of plants, but requires more time, effort and experience. Buying healthy transplants can be a good option if you don't have the time, space or equipment to start seeds indoors. Beginners should start by planting easy veggies directly into your beds and containers in the spring. View our 2 blog posts on seeds and seedlings for beginners and for seeds and seedlings: next level.

Harvest tips and timing: Knowing when to harvest your crops is crucial for getting the best flavor and nutrition. Each crop has a different harvest time, so be sure to research and track when your plants are ready to be harvested. Our veggie growing tip posts include harvesting tips for each veggie.

“Grow Your Own Food” blog posts

See the full list of our Grow Your Own Food blog posts. The posts are divided in 6 categories, Each category has its own page with a photo and a short summary for each post. If you need a quick answer to a gardening question give us a call or send a text to our customer support team – support[at]deep-roots-project.org AND 708-655-5299.

Deep Roots online store

See our online store for details about prices, ordering and delivery of raised beds, planter boxes, microbe-rich compost, worm castings, leaf mulch and more. We don’t sell traditional soil, since we use 100% compost as our growing medium. Our online store has 2 sections – (1) raised beds and planter boxes and (2) compost, worm castings, fertilizer.

Please contact our customer support team before placing an order online so we can assist you with the details and answer your gardening questions. You can pay by credit card in the store or by check.

(708) 655-5299 and support[at]deep-roots-project.org

Sign up for our newsletter

Please leave your cell phone number when you sign up for our eNewsletter, if you want text message announcements now and then.

Donations help us provide organic kitchen gardening education to individuals, organizations, and entire communities. Thank you in advance for contributing to our community and for sharing our website and blog with friends and family.

Regenerative & Organic Farming

Deep Roots innovative method “Transformational Gardening” combines the best practices of “Organic Farming” and “Regenerative Farming” and applies them to kitchen gardens with raised beds and large containers. Integrating the two systems addresses their shortcomings and adapts them to small growing spaces and raised beds. The result is a robust and resilient natural gardening system that promotes soil and crop biodiversity.

Regenerative farming methods

“No-till, no-dig, no pull” rule preserves the integrity of mycelial (fungal) networks in the soil and maximizes health of all the soil micro-organisms. Regenerative farmers and gardeners plant seeds by disturbing the soil as little as possible. When harvesting they cut the stem at soil level and leave the roots with billions of beneficial microorganisms undisturbed. Minimal disruption of the soil when harvesting root veggies like carrots is fine. Pulling weeds out by their roots also disturbs the fungal networks which are precious to soil health. Cut the weed at the soil level and cover the root with mulch, grass clippings and straw to block the sun so the weed doesn’t grow back. Learn more about No till, No dig, No pull rule.

Biodiversity gardening is the practice of unprecedented and imaginative placement of crops, herbs and flowers in a single garden or landscape. A diversity of plants means that the garden is less vulnerable to disease, pests, and environmental stresses, as the different species help to support each other. A diverse range of plants attracts a greater number of pollinators, beneficial insects, and wildlife, which helps to maintain a healthy and thriving ecosystem. Biodiversity planting includes succession planting – not placing the same plants in empty spots after harvesting.

Biodiversity avoids the problems of monocultures – a single crop in a field or a garden bed. Pests prefer large numbers of their favorite plants close together. Raising a single crop increases the risk of disease and pest outbreaks because monocultures lack other plant and animal species that limit the spread of diseases and pests.

Biodiverse gardens provide a greater range of food, medicine, and other resources for humans. Plus, it is more aesthetically pleasing and creates a sense of community and interconnectedness.

Cover crops in a food garden play an important role in maintaining soil health and fertility. It’s important to keep soil covered when crops are not normally growing like in mid-fall through winter in cold climate zones. Common cover crops include mustard, buckwheat, clover, legumes, and cereal grains, such as wheat and oats. Learn more about cover crops in food gardens.

A cover crop will keep the soil protected plus add many other advantages. Cover crops, also known as "green manure," help to improve soil structure, add organic matter to the soil, suppress weeds, reduce erosion, and provide essential nutrients to the soil. They can be grown between main crops, improving soil health and fertility for future crops. Additionally, they provide habitat for beneficial insects, such as ladybugs and lacewings, which help to control pest populations.

But remember, never dig the dead cover crop into the soil since we follow the ”no till, no dig, no pull” rule. Instead cut it down, at soil level and use it as a mulch on top of the soil. And don't let the cover crop go to seed since you don’t want it to sprout when growing your main crop.

History of regenerative farming

Regenerative Ag emerged in the late 20th century. It was stimulated by deplorable soil loss and degradation tied to the dominance of chemo-industrial agriculture. Additionally, extensive nitrogen and phosphorous contamination of aquifers plagued major waterways worldwide.

Gabe Brown, a North Dakota rancher, was inspired to heal his farming practices from deterioration of crop health and farming profits. He applied experimental techniques that have since come to be recognized as regenerative practices. These methods focused on restoring soil health. They include “no-till” practice, intensive and perpetual cover-cropping, and ubiquitous biodiversity. Gabe’s efforts resulted in transformation of his ranch from low productivity and near bankruptcy to a thriving enterprise. Today, Gabe Brown is a leading advocate for Regenerative Farming.

Organic Farming Methods

Organic certification. When you think “organic” you likely think of food that's in accordance with USDA's Certified Organic labeling. OMRI lists organic inputs, but it doesn't certify them. Whereas the USDA certification seal is found on food, feed and fiber products, OMRI seals apply to what is used to make an organic food product – pesticides, fertilizers, livestock care products and anything that may affect the production of a food intended to be identified as organic.

No synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and other chemicals. In the gardening world, organic is understood to mean the complete abandonment of industrial pesticides and fertilizers, the copious addition of organic matter to the soil, and use of OMRI-approved organic inputs only. OMRI stands for the Organic Materials Review Institute. It relies on natural methods to provide the necessary nutrients and control pests, diseases, and weeds. Organic gardeners work in harmony with nature, promoting healthy soil, healthy plants, and a healthy environment. Organic gardening is a way of growing plants and vegetables that is free from synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and other chemicals.

Building healthy soil is a key principle of organic farming. Organic farming prioritizes adding “Soil Organic Matter” (SOM) which is any material produced originally by living organisms (plant or animal) that is returned to the soil and goes through the decomposition process. It’s okay to add to soil the leaves and grass clipped (un-decomposed waste) OR the decomposed waste as compost.This organic matter provides food for beneficial microorganisms, which help to break down plant material and release essential nutrients into the soil. Additionally, organic gardeners use techniques such as crop rotation and interplanting to maintain soil health and fertility.

Controlling pests and diseases without the use of chemicals is another important aspect of organic gardening. Organic gardeners use a variety of techniques, including companion planting, natural pest deterrents, and beneficial insects, to keep their plants healthy. For example, planting marigolds near tomatoes can help to deter tomato hornworms, and ladybugs are a natural predator of many garden pests. Safe organically certified garden sprays are also okay. For details, read our blog post Environmental Pest Management (EPM).

Minimize the growth of weeds through careful planning. Gardeners can use mulch to control weeds, or remove-weeds as needed. Some organic gardeners also use cover crops, such as clover or alfalfa, to suppress weeds and improve soil fertility.

History of organic farming

Organic farming was conceived and originated by Sir Albert Howard at his research farm at Indore, India in the 1920’s. The term “organic” emerged in reference to the farm as an organism, a diverse array of soil, crops, livestock, micro and macro soil organisms. This definition has been the subject of massive revision as organic practices have germinated into a global movement.

Certification of organic production has been legalized universally and has been subject to political influences. In the gardening world, it is understood to mean the complete abandonment of industrial pesticides and fertilizers, the copious addition of organic matter to the soil, and use of approved organic inputs only.

“Grow Your Own Food” blog posts

See the full list of our Grow Your Own Food blog posts. Each post is assigned ”tags” which are under the post title. If you need a quick answer to a gardening question give us a call or send a text to our customer support team – support[at]deep-roots-project.org AND 708-655-5299.

Deep Roots online store

See our online store for details about prices, ordering and delivery of raised beds, planter boxes, microbe-rich compost, worm castings, leaf mulch and more. We don’t sell traditional soil, since we use 100% compost as our growing medium. Our online store has 2 sections – (1) raised beds and planter boxes and (2) compost, worm castings, fertilizer.

Please contact our customer support team before placing an order online so we can assist you with the details and answer your gardening questions. You can pay by credit card in the store or by check.

(708) 655-5299 and support[at]deep-roots-project.org

Sign up for our newsletter

Please leave your cell phone number when you sign up for our eNewsletter, if you want text message announcements now and then.

Donations help us provide organic kitchen gardening education to individuals, organizations, and entire communities. Thank you in advance for contributing to our community and for sharing our website and blog with friends and family.

Optimizing Sunlight

Sun exposure is one of the most important factors for a successful food garden. To find the best sun exposure for your garden, consider the orientation of the garden, the surrounding environment, and the amount of sun that your plants need to grow and produce.

Sunlight is critical factor for plant growth

In this blog post we will explore the best sun exposure for a food garden, what to consider when choosing a location, and how to make the most of the sun in your garden. When possible adjust how much sun each plant receives by using a trellis, shade cloth, choosing the best location in the raised bed and best spot in your garden.

Choose the right location for your garden. Growing a food garden is a rewarding and fulfilling experience, as it allows you to produce your own fresh and healthy produce. However, to ensure a successful harvest, it is important to choose the right location for your garden that provides optimal sun exposure. Sunlight is one of the most important factors for plant growth and development, and without it, your plants may become stunted, yellow, or even die.

6-8 hours of direct sunlight is optimal. The ideal sun exposure for a food garden is 6-8 hours of direct sunlight per day. Most vegetables and fruits require at least 6 hours of direct sunlight to grow and produce well. The hours of direct sunlight your garden receives can vary depending on the time of year and the location of your garden. For example, during the summer months, the sun is higher in the sky, and your garden will receive more direct sunlight than in the winter when the sun is lower in the sky.

You can get by with 6 to 7 hours of full sun for many crops. But 8 to 9 hours of sun is ideal for most edible plants during mid-summer. You can grow some veggies and herbs in shadier areas with 5 hours of sun, although the plants will be smaller. Some crops like lettuce don’t like the full sun in mid summer.

Know how to read the sunlight information on plant labels.

• Optimum sun: 7 to 8 hours

• Sun: at least 6 hours of direct sun (no shadows).

• Part-shade: 4 to 6 hours of direct sun.

• Shade: less than 4 hours of direct sun.

Choosing a location for your raised beds.

Consider the orientation of the garden. A south-facing garden will receive the most sun, while a north-facing garden will receive the least. If you have a choice, choose a location that faces south or west, as these orientations will receive the most sun. If you have a north-facing garden, consider planting shade-tolerant plants that can still grow in lower light conditions.

Think about the surrounding environment. Trees and buildings can block the sun from reaching your garden, so look for a location that is not surrounded by large trees or tall buildings. If you already have a garden, pruning or removing trees can help increase the amount of sunlight that reaches your garden.

Tracking the sunlight in your yard

Create a sun tracking chart. Your garden will be more successful if you know how much sun each of your garden spaces gets. There are many online tools that help you make a sun tracking chart of your garden. For example, try out “Sun Mapping Your Garden the Easy Way” by Garden Fundamentals.

Angle of the sun changes. Remember that the angle of the sun is different depending on the season which makes shadows from buildings and trees appear at different times and locations. It’s best to count the hours of sun in your yard from April to September while the trees have their leaves.

Maximizing sun exposure

Place tall plants on the north side of the bed. Once you have found the right location for your food garden, you can use a few strategies to maximize the sun exposure. One way to do this is by planting taller plants on the north side of the garden and shorter plants on the south side. The tall plants won’t block the sun from the short plants.

Trellises or other structures can maximize sun exposure for climbing plants like tomatoes, cucumbers, and beans. They can also help shade the soil, which can keep the soil cooler and prevent the plants from drying out too quickly.

You can also use reflective surfaces like mirrors or aluminum foil to reflect light back into the garden. Reflective surfaces can be placed on walls or fences to direct light into the garden, which can help increase the amount of sunlight that reaches the plants.

You can use shade cloth to reduce the amount of sun that reaches your garden. Shade cloth is a type of fabric that is designed to reduce the amount of light that reaches your garden. You can use shade cloth to create a cooler environment for your plants, which can help them grow and produce more fruit. Some tomato plants shut down fruit production when the temperature is above 85º. Shade cloth can lower a plant temperature too.

Growing in less than 6 hours of sun

Vegetables that can grow in low light conditions, with less than 6 hours of sunlight per day, include:

1. Salad greens such as lettuce, spinach, and mesclun mix. These cool-season crops need about 4 hours of direct light per day.

2. Root vegetables such as radishes, carrots, beets, and turnips. These crops can tolerate low light but may grow more slowly than with 6 hours of light.

3. Peas and beans, which are legumes, can grow in low light conditions, but they need more light to flower and set fruit.

4. Garlic and onions, which are bulbs, do not require much light and can be grown in low-light conditions.

5. Some herbs such as parsley, cilantro, and chives can also grow in low light conditions.

It's important to note that while these vegetables can grow in low light, they will still grow best and produce a more abundant harvest with 6 or more hours of sunlight per day. Additionally, it's essential to provide adequate water and nutrients to support their growth.

Safe temperatures for plants

Know the highest and lowest safe temperatures for each crop. Some spring veggies survive only light frosts. Some veggie seeds need certain temperatures to germinate. Some plants like tomatoes, peppers and squash must be planted outside when all danger of frost has passed. Spinach seeds can stay in the ground all winter and germinate in very early spring, plus produce a bigger harvest.  See high and low temperature tolerances for popular crops in our Planting Calendar for zones 5b and 6a.

Too much direct sunlight. Plants can suffer from sunburn and other types of damage if they are exposed to too much direct sunlight. Additionally, excessive heat can cause water to evaporate more quickly, which can lead to dehydration and other problems for plants. Tomatoes shut down fruit production above 85º. Recovery time varies by tomato variety.

Shade cloth protects plants from too much heat and sun. It can help to protect plants from harsh sunlight and other extreme weather conditions like heavy rain and hail, allowing for better growth and yield. Shade cloth can be used to filter sunlight and create a more moderate, comfortable environment for plants to grow in.

Shade cloth setup. Select the best gauge (thickness) of shade cloth. A thicker material will provide more shade and protection for plants, but may be more expensive. Secure cloth to posts or other structures using clips or ties. Pull tight to prevent it from sagging or touching the plants. Fasten securely to prevent blowing away by the wind.

“Grow Your Own Food” blog posts

See the full list of our Grow Your Own Food blog posts. Each post is assigned ”tags” which are under the post title. If you need a quick answer to a gardening question give us a call or send a text to our customer support team – support[at]deep-roots-project.org AND 708-655-5299.

Deep Roots online store

See our online store for details about prices, ordering and delivery of raised beds, planter boxes, microbe-rich compost, worm castings, leaf mulch and more. We don’t sell traditional soil, since we use 100% compost as our growing medium. Our online store has 2 sections – (1) raised beds and planter boxes and (2) compost, worm castings, fertilizer.

Please contact our customer support team before placing an order online so we can assist you with the details and answer your gardening questions. You can pay by credit card in the store or by check.

(708) 655-5299 and support[at]deep-roots-project.org

Sign up for our newsletter

Please leave your cell phone number when you sign up for our eNewsletter, if you want text message announcements now and then.

Donations help us provide organic kitchen gardening education to individuals, organizations, and entire communities. Thank you in advance for contributing to our community and for sharing our website and blog with friends and family.

Food Gardening Glossary

A glossary of food gardening terminology can be incredibly helpful for new gardeners as they start to explore more advanced skills and the latest science around growing food. You will have the added challenge of figuring out which methods are compatible with and will enhance our method of Transformational Gardening and which methods of traditional gardening and farming are not appropriate.

Why a glossary can help you learn more

A glossary of food gardening terminology is a useful resource for new gardeners looking to learn more about the science and technical language of food gardening. It can help clarify confusing terms, introduce new concepts, understand scientific jargon, access credible sources, and enhance problem-solving skills.

Clarify confusion: Gardening terminology can be confusing, especially for beginners who may not be familiar with the technical language used in the field. A glossary can help clarify the meaning of unfamiliar terms and prevent confusion.

Learn new concepts: A glossary can introduce new concepts that new gardeners may not have encountered before. This can help expand their knowledge and understanding of food gardening and provide a foundation for more advanced learning.

Understand scientific jargon: Science plays a significant role in food gardening, and many technical terms and jargon are used in scientific discussions. A glossary can help gardeners understand these terms and communicate more effectively with experts and other gardeners.

Access credible sources: A glossary can help gardeners access credible sources of information and research by providing definitions of scientific and technical terms that are commonly used in gardening literature and research.

Enhance problem-solving skills: When troubleshooting problems in the garden, it can be helpful to have a solid understanding of gardening terminology. A glossary can help gardeners identify the cause of problems and find effective solutions.

Glossary of Food Gardening

1. Acidic: A soil, compost, or liquid with a pH between 0 and 7.0 (on a scale of 0.0-14.0). Often referred to as “sour” soil by gardeners.

2. Aeration: Any method of loosening soil or compost to allow air to circulate.

3. Aerobic: Describes organisms living or occurring only when oxygen is present.

4. Alkaline: A soil with a pH between 7.0 and 14 (on a scale of 0.0-14.0). Often referred to as “sweet” soil by gardeners.

5. Amendment:  (See “Soil Amendment”)

6. Anaerobic: Describes organisms living or occurring where there is no oxygen.

7. Annual: A plant that blooms, produces seed, and dies in one year.

8. Aquaponics: A type of farming that combines aquaculture (raising fish) with hydroponics (growing plants in water).

9. Biochar: Burning biomass in low-oxygen conditions creates biochar, a carbon-rich substance that some experts tout as the key to soil rejuvenation. Relatively light-weight and porous, biochar can act like a sponge and serve as a habitat for many beneficial soil microorganisms that are known to promote soil and plant health.

10. Biodynamic farming: Biodynamic farming is a method of farming that seeks to create a self-sustaining ecosystem by working with natural rhythms and cycles. Biodynamic farming uses methods such as crop rotation, composting, and the use of natural preparations to create healthy and productive ecosystems.

11. Beneficial insects: Beneficial insects help to control pest populations in the garden. Examples of beneficial insects include ladybugs, lacewings, and praying. The insect benefits your garden by eating or laying its eggs in other insects, thereby controlling their population.

12. Biennial: A plant that completes its full life-cycle in two growing seasons. It produces leaves in the first and flowers in the second.

13. Biodegradable: Able to decompose or break down through natural bacterial or fungal action. Substances made of organic matter are biodegradable.

14. Biodiversity:  Biodiversity is all the different kinds of life you'll find in one area—the variety of animals, plants, fungi, and even microorganisms like bacteria that make up our natural world. Each of these species and organisms work together in ecosystems, like an intricate web, to maintain balance and support life.

15. Biodiverse Garden: A biodiverse garden has a wide variety of plants (natives, flowers, perennials) ornamentals, food crops), birds, insects and other living species. Many gardeners struggle with low yields, poor soil or pollination and pest insect damage. However, increasing the biodiversity of plants and wildlife has been found to help these issues.

16. Biological Pest Control: (Also called ”Environmental Pest Management”) Using living organisms such as beneficial insects or parasites to destroy garden pests.

17. Bolt: A term used to describe a plant that has gone to seed prematurely.

18. Bone Meal: Finely ground fertilizer composed of white or light gray bone that adds phosphorus to the soil.

19. Calcitic Limestone: A common material used for “liming” soil that has an acid level that is too high. This type is most commonly used and contains calcium carbonate.

20. Companion planting: Companion planting is the practice of planting different plants together in a way that benefits both plants. For example, planting beans and corn together can benefit both plants by providing support for the beans and shade for the corn.

21. Composting: Composting is the process of breaking down organic materials such as food waste, leaves, and grass clippings into nutrient-rich soil that can be used to fertilize plants. Composting is an essential part of organic gardening and is a way to reduce waste and build healthy soil.

22. Cover crop:- A cover crop is a crop that is grown primarily to improve soil health rather than for harvest. Cover crops are often used to prevent soil erosion, improve soil structure, and suppress weeds.

23. Crop rotation: Crop rotation is the practice of planting different crops in the same area over time to improve soil health and reduce pest and disease problems. By rotating crops, you can help prevent the buildup of pests and diseases that can damage plants.

24. Chlorosis: A yellowing or blanching of the leaves due to lack of chlorophyll, nutrient deficiencies or disease.

25. Cold Frame: An unheated structure usually made of wood and covered with glass or plastic. Cold frames are used to protect plants from frost and are helpful season extenders.

26. Companion Planting: The sowing of seeds in the garden in such a way that plants help each other grow instead of competing against each other.

27. Compost: Completely decayed organic matter used for conditioning soil. It is dark, odorless and rich in nutrients. There are many different uses and kinds of compost. (also see “microbe-rich compost”)

28. Composted Manure: Manure mixed with straws from livestock stalls that has decomposed for several months. It best use is for feeding worms to make “worm castings” also called “vermicompost.”

29. Cover Crop: Vegetation grown to protect and build the soil during an interval when the area would otherwise lie fallow.

30. Crop Rotation: The planting of a specific crop in a site different from the previous year.

31. Cultivar: A plant variety that has been developed through selective breeding. It’s a cultivated plant that was selected for desired traits and when propagated retain those traits. Methods used to propagate cultivars include: division, root and stem cuttings, offsets, grafting, tissue culture, or carefully controlled seed production.

32. Cutting: A vegetative method of plant propagation whereby a piece of plant leaf, stem, root or bud is cut from a parent plant. It is then inserted into a growing medium to form roots, thus developing a new plant.

33. Damping Off: Decay of young seedlings at ground level following fungal attack. Often the result of soil borne diseases and over watering.

34. Dead Heading: The act of removing spent flowers or flowerheads for aesthetics, to prolong bloom for up to several weeks or promote re-bloom, or to prevent seeding.

35. Deep Shade: A plant requiring less than 2 hours of dappled sun a day.

36. Desiccate: Cause to dry up. Insecticidal soap desiccates its victims.

37. Detritusphere: a soil surface layer of decaying organic matter. A:sp called “mulch.”

38. Double Digging: Is a very labor intensive method of preparing garden soil by digging a trench then putting the soil from one row into the next row. This usually includes adding compost to the soil to enrich it.

39. Environmental Pest Management (EPM): for organic food gardening is responsible environmental stewardship. Although EPM is modeled after the older Integrated Pest Management (IPM) it doesn’t allow use of toxic chemicals that are banned under the USDA organic standards. Only use the organic safe sprays Deep Roots  recommends in our EPM blog post.

40. Drip irrigation: A watering system that slowly delivers water directly to the roots of plants through a network of hoses and emitters.

41. Exudate: a slimy film released by a plant’s root hairs attracting bacteria

42. Floating Row Cover:  (also called “Row Cover”) A row cover is a lightweight fabric that is used to protect plants from insects, birds, and harsh weather conditions. It is usually made of spun-bonded polypropylene, which allows air and moisture to pass through while providing a barrier against pests and other threats. Row covers can also help to extend the growing season by keeping plants warm during cool weather.

43. Fertilizer: An organic or synthetic material added to the soil or the plant roots that adds nutrients and improves plant growth and yield. Organic fertilizers are safe for organic growing. Synthetic fertilizers are used in industrial agriculture and are not safe for human health.

44. Foliar Fertilizing: A technique of feeding plants by applying liquid fertilizer directly to plant leaves.

45. Frost Date: This is the average expected last frost date for your area. Frost dates are important to know for your gardening zone or planting area.

46. Fruit tree: A tree that produces edible fruit, such as apples, oranges, or peaches.

47. Fungi participate in decomposition of organic matter and deliver nutrients for plant growth. Their role is very important in plant protection against pathogenic microorganisms as biological agents, which influences soil health

48. Fungicides: Compounds used to prevent the spread of fungi in gardens and crops, which can cause serious damage to plants.

49. Germinate: The beginning of growth in seeds, the action of sprouting, budding or shooting, above the soil. This occurs whenever a plant or seed begins to vegetate into leafy young plants. The breaking of dormancy in seeds or the sprouting of pollen grains deposited on a stigma.

50. Greenhouse: A structure used for growing plants, usually made of glass or plastic.

51. Growing season: The period of time during which plants can grow outdoors.

52. Green Manure: (Sometimes called a “cover crop”) A crop that is grown and then incorporated into the soil to increase soil fertility or organic matter content. Usually turned over into the soil a few weeks before new planting begins. Regenerative farmers and gardeners don’t dig it into the soil and let list stay on top,

53. Hardening Off: The process of gradually acclimating seedlings to outdoor conditions before transplanting them. It takes little time to gradually get the seedlings used to the sun, cooler temperatures and wind outdoors. Put them outside during the day and bring them inside at night.

54. Heavy Soil: A soil that contains a high proportion of clay and is poorly drained. Very bad soil for food gardening

55. Humus: A fairly stable, complex group of nutrient-storing molecules created by microbes and other forces of decomposition by the conversion of organic matter. Typically its dark loamy earth.

56. Heirloom: A plant variety that has been passed down through generations of gardeners and is considered to have historical or cultural significance.

57. Herb: A plant grown for its culinary, medicinal, or aromatic qualities.

58. Hybrid: A plant variety developed through crossbreeding two different parent plants. Seed saving hybrid seeds is tricky. It’s best to buy them.

59. Hydroponics: A method of growing plants in water rather than soil.

60. Hyphae: threadlike structures that form mycelia

61. Insecticide: A substance used to kill or repel insects.

62. Integrated Pest Management (IPM): A pest control strategy that uses an array of complementary methods: natural predators and parasites, pest-resistant varieties, cultural practices, biological controls, various physical techniques, and pesticides as a last resort. It is an ecological approach that can significantly reduce or eliminate the use of pesticides.

63. Intercropping: The practice of growing two or more crops together in the same space to maximize productivity and reduce pest and disease problems.

64. Irrigation: The process of supplying water to plants.

65. Landscape fabric: A permeable material used to suppress weeds and retain soil moisture with various uses in a garden,

66. Leaf mold: Composted leaves that can be used as a soil amendment or mulch. Deep Roots Project sells it in their online store under the term ”Dense Leaf Mulch.” It is not recommended as a mulch for food gardens,

67. Mulch: Mulch is a layer of organic material such as leaves, straw, or wood chips that is spread over the soil around plants to help retain moisture and suppress weeds. Deep Roots uses compost and straw to mulch food gardens. Certain kinds of mulch can also improve soil health by providing nutrients as it breaks down. Fresh wood chip mulch as it decomposes sucks the nitrogen from the soil that plants need.

68. Microbe-Rich Compost: is a special compost sold by Deep Roots Project that is made from 100% organic matter (plant waste and animal manure). It is weed-free and pathogen-free. It is made with a naturally generated high heat process that boosts heat-loving microbe populations that make more nutrients available to microbes, fungi and plants. Microbe-Rich Compost is certified for food production by Organic Materials Research Institute (OMRI) and by the U.S. Composting Council.

69. Micro-Nutrients: Some mineral elements are needed by plants in very small quantities. If the plants you are growing require specific “trace elements” and they are not getting them through the soil, they must be added.

70. Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. The major groups of microorganisms are bacteria, archaea, fungi (yeasts and molds), algae, protozoa, and viruses. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. Soil microbes significantly affect soil and crop health. Some of their activities are, nitrogen-fixation, phosphorus solubilization, suppression of pests and pathogens, improvement of plant stress, and decomposition that leads to soil aggregation.

71. Mulch: Any organic material, such as wood chips, grass clippings, compost, straw, or leaves that is spread over the soil surface (around plants) to hold in moisture and help control weeds.

72. Mycelia: thread-like vegetative bodies of fungi

73. Mycorrhiza: a symbiotic relationship between fungi and plant roots. The role of the fungus in the plant's rhizosphere (root system) includes plant nutrition, soil biology, and soil chemistry.

74. Nitrogen fixation: The process by which certain bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form that can be used by plants.

75. No Till, No Dig, No Pull Gardening: This type of gardening calls for no cultivation (or tilling) of the soil after the initial tilling. In its place, regular mulches are added and plants are planted through the mulch. This saves on labor and eliminates weeds, which might germinate as a result of tilling.

76. N-P-K: An abbreviation for the three main nutrients that have been identified as absolutely necessary for plants are nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). These three are also known as “macronutrients,” and are the source of the three numbers commonly found on fertilizer labels.

77. Organic farming: Organic farming is a method of farming that relies on natural and sustainable practices to grow crops and raise livestock. Organic farming prohibits the use of synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, and genetically modified organisms (GMOs).

78. Organic gardening: is a method of growing plants and crops using natural and sustainable practices that do not rely on synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, or other chemicals. This type of gardening is becoming increasingly popular as people become more aware of the negative impacts of chemical-based farming on the environment and human health. Here is a glossary of terms that will help you navigate the world of organic gardening.

79. Organic matter: Decaying plant or animal material that can be added to soil to improve its fertility. Also called “Soil Organic Matter” (SOM).

80. Perennial: A plant that lives for more than two growing seasons.

81. Permaculture: Permaculture is a design system that aims to create sustainable and self-sufficient ecosystems that are modeled on natural systems. Permaculture gardens incorporate principles such as diversity, polyculture, and the use of natural materials to create healthy, thriving ecosystems.

82. Plant spacing: The distance between individual plants in a garden bed.

83. Pollination: The transfer of pollen from the male part of a flower to the female part, resulting in fertilization and the production of fruit or seeds.

84. Polyculture: Polyculture is the practice of growing multiple crops in the same area at the same time. Polyculture gardens can be more resilient to pest and disease problems and can also help improve soil health by reducing soil erosion and increasing biodiversity.

85. Potting soil: A soil mix designed for use in containers.

86. pH: (See also “Soil pH”) A scale from 0-14 that explains the degree of acidity or alkalinity of the water or soil. Soil pH is very important because it affects the availability of nutrients to plants and the activity of microorganisms in the soil.

87. Raised bed: A garden bed that is elevated above the surrounding

88. Regenerative Agriculture: is a holistic approach to farming that aims to rebuild soil health and fertility, enhance biodiversity, and improve the overall health and resilience of the ecosystem. Conventional crops grown in tilled soil and sprayed with chemicals for decades, produces food with health risks and likely decreasing nutritional benefits. When farmers improve soil health and use organic pest methods, the food harvested is better for both the environment and the consumer. Plus, a regenerative farm is more profitable since far less money is spent on chemical pesticides and conventional fertilizers,

89. Regenerative Gardening: Regenerative Gardening nourishes the soil naturally with compost, worm castings, microbes and nutrients rather than depleting the soil and compensating with application of chemical fertilizers, many of which can damage plants and the soil's microscopic life.

90. Rhizome: A fleshy underground stem or runner. Creeping grasses spread by rhizomes.

91. Rhizosphere: a biologically zone defined by a plant’s roots.

92. Rootstock: Rootstock is the part of a plant that is used as a base for grafting. It is usually a seedling or a young plant that has been selected for its strong root system and disease resistance. When a scion (a cutting from another plant) is grafted onto the rootstock, the resulting plant will have the desirable characteristics of both the scion and the rootstock.

93. Row cover: (also called “Floating Row Cover”) A row cover is a lightweight fabric that is used to protect plants from insects, birds, and harsh weather conditions. It is usually made of spun-bonded polypropylene, which allows air and moisture to pass through while providing a barrier against pests and other threats. Row covers can also help to extend the growing season by keeping plants warm during cool weather.

94. Scion: A scion is a cutting from one plant that is grafted onto another plant, known as the rootstock. The scion is selected for its desirable characteristics, such as fruit flavor or disease resistance. When the scion is grafted onto the rootstock, the resulting plant will have the desirable characteristics of both the scion and the rootstock.

95. Season Extender: Any technique or piece of equipment used to extend the growing season in both spring and fall. Examples include; row covers, greenhouses, hotbeds, cold frames, and products such as Wall O’ Waters.

96. Seed: A seed is the reproductive part of a plant that contains the embryo and nutrients needed for germination and growth. Seeds can be sown directly into the soil, or started indoors and transplanted later. Some plants, such as beans and peas, can also be sown directly into the soil in the fall for early spring harvest.

97. Seedling: (Also called a “transplant”) A seedling is a young plant that has been started from seed and is still in the early stages of growth. Seedlings are typically started indoors or in a greenhouse, and then transplanted into the garden when they are strong enough to survive on their own. They require special care, such as regular watering and protection from pests and harsh weather conditions.

98. Seedsaving: Seedsaving is the practice of collecting and storing seeds from open-pollinated or heirloom plants for future planting. This helps to preserve genetic diversity and can be an important step in sustainable agriculture. Seedsaving can be a fun and rewarding activity for gardeners, and can also help to save money on seed purchases.

99. Soil: Soil is the mixture of organic and inorganic materials that supports plant growth. It is composed of minerals, organic matter, air, and water. Soil quality can vary widely depending on factors such as texture, pH, nutrient content, and drainage. Improving soil quality is an important part of successful gardening.

100. Soil Amendment: Material added to the soil to improve its properties. This may include; water retention, permeability, water infiltration, drainage, aeration and structure. Soil amendments are mostly organic matter or very slow release minerals and are typically worked into the topsoil. A soil amendment is any material that is added to soil to improve its quality, structure, or fertility. Examples of soil amendments include compost, manure, and lime.

101. Soil microbiome: the population of microorganisms in soil

102. Soil Test: A measurement of the major nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium) and pH levels in the soil. Deep roots doesn’t include soil testing in its method since we don grow our veggies in conventional soil that need to be changed to be suit for food crops. Instead we fill our beds and containers with 100% microbe-rich compost that plants love.

103. Soil pH: Soil pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of soil. Most plants prefer a slightly acidic soil with a pH between 6.0 and 7.0. Soil pH can be tested using a litmus paper designed for soil testing OR soil pH meter or by sending a soil sample to a soil testing lab.

104. SOM - Soil Organic Matter: The organic matter component of soil, consisting of plant and animal detritus at various stages of decomposition

105. Sustainable agriculture: Sustainable agriculture is a method of farming that seeks to balance environmental health, economic viability, and social equity. Sustainable agriculture practices include crop rotation, cover cropping, and the use of natural fertilizers and pesticides.

106. Thermophilic: heat-loving (organisms). Also, of, relating to, or being an organism living at a high temperature.

107. Thinning: Thinning is the process of removing some of the seedlings from a planting to allow the remaining plants more space to grow. This is typically done when the seedlings are still small and have only one or two leaves. Thinning can help to prevent overcrowding and competition for resources, which can lead to stunted growth and poor yields.

108. Trace Minerals: Trace minerals are nutrients that plants need in very small amounts to thrive. They are also called trace nutrients or micronutrients. Some of these trace minerals are very important and provide essential elements for different proteins, hormones, or other processes. Some trace minerals (chlorine, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, sodium and zinc) are also essential for animal nutrition.

109. Transformational Gardening: is a innovative method used by Deep Roots Project to teach how to grow food in organic kitchen gardens with limited space and raised beds. We provide our gardeners with the best products for success – like cedar raised beds, microbe-rich compost and microbe-rich worm castings. We use the latest soil science to build on the strengths of both organic and regenerative gardening.

110. Transplant: Another term for a seedling - a very young plant.

111. Trellis: A trellis is a structure that is used to support climbing plants, such as beans, peas, and cucumbers. It can be made from a variety of materials, including wood, bamboo, or metal. A trellis can help to maximize space in the garden, and can also make it easier to harvest crops.

112. Vermicomposting: Vermicomposting is the process of composting using worms. Worms help to break down organic material more quickly and produce nutrient-rich soil that is ideal for organic gardening.

113. Tilth: Describes the general health of the soil including a balance of nutrients, water, and air. Soil that is healthy and has good physical qualities is in good tilth.

114. Topdressing: Applying fertilizers or some kind of soil amendment after seeding, transplanting or once the crop has been established. Also, topdressing is the process of spreading a thin layer (¼-inch thick) of organic material on top of your lawn to amend your soil, especially in bare spots that are newly seeded.
     Transplanting: The moving of a plant from one growth medium to another.

115. Vermicompost: earthworm compost

116. Vermicomposting: The use of red wiggler worms to convert food scraps or other organic materials into worm castings.

117. Worm Castings: The digested organic waste of red wiggler worms. Gardeners consider them the most nutrient dense organic compost available. Often used instead of commercial organic fertilizes.